It is this system that allows the brain and spinal cord to communicate with the sensory systems of the eyes anxiety symptoms definition serpina 60 caps buy low cost, ears, skin, and mouth and allows the brain and spinal cord to control the muscles and glands of the body. One of the parts of a neuron is the soma, or cell body (remember that the word soma means "body"). The somatic nervous system is made up of the sensory pathway, which comprises all the nerves carrying messages from the senses to the central nervous system (those nerves containing afferent neurons), and the motor pathway, which is all of the nerves carrying messages from the central nervous system to the voluntary, or skeletal,* muscles of the body-muscles that allow people to move their bodies (those nerves composed of efferent neurons). When people are walking, raising their hands in class, lifting a flower to smell, or directing their gaze toward the person they are talking to or to look at a pretty picture, they are using the somatic nervous system. The neurons inside the spinal column are part of the central nervous system, not the peripheral nervous system. Whereas the somatic division of the peripheral nervous system controls the senses and voluntary muscles, the autonomic division controls everything else in the body-organs, glands, and involuntary muscles. The autonomic nervous system is divided into two systems, the sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division. In fact, the sympathetic division is usually called the "fight-or-flight system" because it allows people and animals to deal with all kinds of stressful events. Click Next to begin the survey Previous Next Simulate the Experiment Do You Fly or Fight? The heart starts pumping faster and harder, drawing blood away from nonessential organs such as the skin (so at first the person may turn pale) and sometimes even away from the brain itself (so the person might actually faint). Blood needs lots of oxygen before it goes to the muscles, so the lungs work overtime, too (the person may begin to breathe faster). The adrenal glands will be stimulated to release certain stress-related chemicals (members of a class of chemicals released by glands called hormones) into the bloodstream. These stress hormones will travel to all parts of the body, but they will only affect certain target organs. Just as a neurotransmitter fits into a receptor site on a cell, the molecules of the stress hormones fit into receptor sites at the various target organs-notably, the heart, muscles, and lungs.
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Conduction Velocity the speed at which action potentials are conducted along a nerve or muscle fiber is the conduction velocity anxiety symptoms anger buy generic serpina 60 caps line. This property is of great physiologic importance because 24 · Physiology Active region + + + + + + + + + + A + + + + + + + + + + B + + + + + + + + + + C. A, the initial segment of the axon has fired an action potential, and the potential difference across the cell membrane has reversed to become inside positive. The adjacent area is inactive and remains at the resting membrane potential, inside negative. B, At the active site, positive charges inside the nerve flow to the adjacent inactive area. C, Local current flow causes the adjacent area to be depolarized to threshold and to fire action potentials; the original active region has repolarized back to the resting membrane potential. To understand conduction velocity in excitable tissues, two major concepts must be explained: the time constant and the length constant. These concepts, called cable properties, explain how nerves and muscles act as cables to conduct electrical activity. The time constant is the amount of time it takes following the injection of current for the potential to change to 63% of its final value. In other words, the time constant indicates how quickly a cell membrane depolarizes in response to an inward current or how quickly it hyperpolarizes in response to an outward current. Thus = R m Cm where = Time constant R m = Membrane resistance Cm = Membrane capacitance Two factors affect the time constant. When Rm is high, current does not readily flow across the cell membrane, which makes it difficult to change the membrane potential, thus increasing the time constant. The second factor, membrane capacitance (Cm), is the ability of the cell membrane to store charge.
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